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There is evidence of risk when used during pregnancy but no evidence of harm with a single dose during breastfeeding. [17] [18] Midazolam was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1982. [19] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [20] Midazolam is available as a generic medication. [17]
The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy. It does not include any risks conferred by pharmaceutical agents or their metabolites in breast milk. Every drug has specific information listed in its product literature.
In some cases, for example, if the mother has epilepsy or diabetes, the risk of stopping a medication may be worse than risks associated with taking the medication while pregnant. The mother's healthcare professional will help make these decisions about the safest way to protect the health of both the mother and unborn child. [ 4 ]
The tables below contain a sample list of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine analogs that are commonly prescribed, with their basic pharmacological characteristics, such as half-life and equivalent doses to other benzodiazepines, also listed, along with their trade names and primary uses.
Examples are alprazolam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, clonazepam, lormetazepam, lorazepam, nitrazepam, and temazepam. Long-acting compounds have a half-life of 40–250 hours. They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function, but they have a reduced severity of rebound effects and withdrawal.
A man who has had a vasectomy, for example, has a zero sperm count despite completely normal sexual function and seminal appearance. So, the only real way to assess sperm health is through testing.
Use of anticonvulsant medications should be carefully monitored during use in pregnancy. [94] For example, since the first trimester is the most susceptible period for fetal development, planning a routine antiepileptic drug dose that is safer for the first trimester could be beneficial to prevent pregnancy complications. [95]
Holly B. Shulman is an American statistician in the Division of Reproductive Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a developer of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System for the CDC, [1] and the former president of the Caucus for Women in Statistics. [2]