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This formula also shows that the radius of turn decreases with the angle of bank. With a higher angle of bank the radius of turn is smaller, and with a lower angle of bank the radius is greater. In a banked turn at constant altitude, the load factor is equal to 1 cos θ {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\cos \theta }}} .
The weak mixing angle or Weinberg angle [2] is a parameter in the Weinberg–Salam theory (by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam) of the electroweak interaction, part of the Standard Model of particle physics, and is usually denoted as θ W. It is the angle by which spontaneous symmetry breaking rotates the original W 0 and B 0
Another commonly encountered simplification is a lifting entry with a shallow, slowly-varying, flight path angle. [4] The velocity as a function of altitude can be derived from two assumptions: The flight path angle is shallow, meaning that: cos γ ≈ 1 , sin γ ≈ γ {\displaystyle \cos \gamma \approx 1,\sin \gamma \approx \gamma } .
Heading, elevation and bank angles (Z-Y’-X’’) for an aircraft. The aircraft's pitch and yaw axes Y and Z are not shown, and its fixed reference frame xyz has been shifted backwards from its center of gravity (preserving angles) for clarity. Axes named according to the air norm DIN 9300
The X axis is now at angle α with respect to the x axis. The XYZ system rotates again about the x axis by β. The Z axis is now at angle β with respect to the z axis. The XYZ system rotates a third time about the z axis by γ. In sum, the three elemental rotations occur about z, x and z. Indeed, this sequence is often denoted z-x-z (or 3-1-3 ...
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For instance, the target orientation can be reached as follows (note the reversed order of Euler angle application): The XYZ system rotates about the z axis by γ. The X axis is now at angle γ with respect to the x axis. The XYZ system rotates again, but this time about the x axis by β. The Z axis is now at angle β with respect to the z axis.
Dextrorotation and laevorotation (also spelled levorotation) [1] [2] in chemistry and physics are the optical rotation of plane-polarized light.From the point of view of the observer, dextrorotation refers to clockwise or right-handed rotation, and laevorotation refers to counterclockwise or left-handed rotation.