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Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest. [ 1 ]
An abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganese nodules found on the ocean floor. [65] These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, [ 66 ] are located along the ocean floor . The environmental impacts of nodule collection are of interest.
Buserite is a hydrated layered manganese-oxide mineral with nominal chemical formula MnO 2 ·nH 2 O. It was named after Swiss chemist professor Wilhelm Buser (1917-1959), who first identified it in 1952 in deep-sea manganese nodules. Buser named it 10 Å manganate because the periodicity in the layer stacking direction was 10 Å.
Polymetallic nodules on the deep seabed in the CCZ Example of manganese nodule that can be found on the sea floor. Polymetallic nodules are found at depths of 4–6 km (2.5–3.7 mi) in all major oceans, but also in shallow waters like the Baltic Sea and in freshwater lakes. [23] [24] They are the most readily minable type of deep sea ore. [25]
Nodule is also used for widely scattered concretionary lumps of manganese, cobalt, iron, and nickel found on the floors of the world's oceans. This is especially true of manganese nodules. Manganese and phosphorite nodules form on the seafloor and are syndepositional in origin. Thus, technically speaking, they are concretions instead of nodules ...
Manganese nodules are rounded lumps of manganese and other metals that form on the seafloor, generally ranging between 3–10 cm in diameter, although they may sometimes reach up to 30 cm. The nodules form in a manner similar to pearls; there is a central object around which concentric layers are slowly deposited, causing the nodule to grow ...
Manganese nodules found on the ocean floor contain some thallium. [44] In addition, several other thallium minerals, containing 16% to 60% thallium, occur in nature as complexes of sulfides or selenides that primarily contain antimony , arsenic , copper, lead, and silver .
An abundant resource of manganese in the form of Mn nodules found on the ocean floor. [85] [86] These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, [87] are located along the ocean floor and the potential impact of mining these nodules is being researched. Physical, chemical, and biological environmental impacts can occur due to this nodule ...