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The first commercially sold sodium hyaluronate had been developed by Endre Alexander Balazs under the brand name of Healon, manufactured by Pharmacia AB in Sweden in 1980. In 1986, sodium hyaluronate was used as an intra-articular injection to treat osteoarthritis of the knee with the product Hyalart/Hyalgan by Fidia of Italy. [27]
[16] 10–20% of adults experience Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. [60] Approximately 1 to 4 million adults (age 65–84) in the US are affected. [60] While persons with autoimmune diseases have a high likelihood of having dry eyes, most persons with dry eyes do not have an autoimmune disease. [16]
Azelastine, sold under the brand name Astelin among others, is a H 1 receptor-blocking medication primarily used as a nasal spray to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. [5] [6] Other uses may include asthma and skin rashes for which it is taken by mouth. [7]
Sodium hyaluronate, is a linear polysaccharide molecule of sodium glycuronate and N-acetyl glucosamine. [1] It is commercially extracted from rooster combs or produced by bacterial fermentation. [2] Chondroitin sulfate extracted from shark fin cartilage. [2] Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Hypromellose) is extracted from wood pulp. [2]
Hyaluronic acid has been used to treat dry eye. [28] Hyaluronic acid is a common ingredient in skin care products. Hyaluronic acid is used as a dermal filler in cosmetic surgery. [29] It is typically injected using either a classic sharp hypodermic needle or a micro-cannula. Some studies have suggested that the use of micro-cannulas can ...
Figure 1.0 - Basic anatomical features of the human eye. Ophthalmic drug administration is the administration of a drug to the eyes, most typically as an eye drop formulation. Topical formulations are used to combat a multitude of diseased states of the eye. These states may include bacterial infections, eye injury, glaucoma, and dry eye. [1]
Artificial tears are lubricating eye drops used to relieve dryness and irritation of the ocular surface. [1] Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) is a common ocular surface disorder and is characterized by disruption of the tear film and increased inflammation.
Chronic ocular hypotony may be treated with intraocular injection of sodium hyaluronate. [8] If the cause of hypotony is an over filtering bleb, cycloplegia using atropine may be used. [ 2 ]