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This marks a new period of trade and economic development for northern and central Europe. 1163: The first cornerstone is laid for the construction of Notre Dame de Paris. One of the most famous Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages 1166: Stefan Nemanja united Serbian territories, establishing the Medieval Serbian state.
Early modern period – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the Late Middle Ages (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, in forms such as the Italian Renaissance in the West, the Ming dynasty in the East, and the rise of the Aztecs in the New World.
Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project Primary source archive of the Middle Ages. The Online Reference Book of Medieval Studies Academic peer reviewed articles. Medieval Knights Medieval Knights is a medieval educational resource site geared to students and medieval enthusiasts. The Labyrinth Resources for Medieval Studies.
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In Roman Catholic canon law, excommunication is a censure and thus a "medicinal penalty" intended to invite the person to change behavior or attitude that incurred the penalty, repent, and return to full communion. [3] Excommunication severs one from communion with the Church; excommunicated Catholics are forbidden from receiving any sacrament ...
The "small" excommunication is simply barring an individual from the Lord's Supper and "other fellowship in the church". [23] While the "great" excommunication excluded a person from both the church and political communities which he considered to be outside the authority of the church and only for civil leaders. [24]
Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., also known as Humbert of Moyenmoutier (c. 1000 to 1015 – 5 May 1061) was a French Benedictine abbot and later cardinal.It was his act of excommunicating the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, in 1054 that is generally regarded as the precipitating event of the East–West Schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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