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Stellate cells are neurons in the central nervous system, named for their star-like shape formed by dendritic processes radiating from the cell body. These cells play significant roles in various brain functions, including inhibition in the cerebellum and excitation in the cortex, and are involved in synaptic plasticity and neurovascular coupling.
The activated stellate cell is characterized by proliferation, contractility, and chemotaxis. This change is seen as a transdifferentiation whereby the cells lose their stellate shape and acquire that of myofibroblasts. [8] [6] This state of the stellate cell is the main source of extracellular matrix production in liver injury. [9]
Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer–Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls. Kupffer cells comprise the largest population of tissue-resident macrophages in the body.
Hepatocytes constitute about 80% of the cell population of the liver, with the other 20% being occupied by Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells and mesothelial cells, which are not exactly characteristic of the liver, but are present in the liver samples. [2] Histologically speaking, hepatocytes have specific characteristics.
Pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs) are classified as myofibroblast-like cells that are located in exocrine regions of the pancreas. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] PaSCs are mediated by paracrine and autocrine stimuli and share similarities with the hepatic stellate cell . [ 2 ]
Kupffer cells are scattered between endothelial cells; they are part of the reticuloendothelial system and phagocytose spent erythrocytes. Stellate (Ito) cells store vitamin A and produce extracellular matrix and collagen; they are also distributed amongst endothelial cells but are difficult to visualise by light microscopy. [citation needed]
Rinehart and Farquhar first discovered FS cells through electron microscopy of the anterior pituitary gland. Vila-Porcile named these non-endocrine cells "folliculo-stellate" cells in 1972 due to their stellate (star) shape, and their location lining the lumen of small follicules in the anterior pituitary. [1]
Stellate cells or star shaped cells forms several places in the body. Stellate cells, found in layer I, II, and IV in cortical tissue; Hepatic stellate cell, pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver. Pancreatic stellate cell, reside in exocrine areas of the pancreas; Podocyte, found in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys