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A hadron is a composite subatomic particle.Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions. In particle physics, a hadron (/ ˈ h æ d r ɒ n / ⓘ; from Ancient Greek ἁδρός (hadrós) 'stout, thick') is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction.
In physical cosmology, the hadronic epoch [1] started 20 microseconds after the Big Bang. [2] The temperature of the universe had fallen sufficiently to allow the quarks from the preceding quark epoch to bind together into hadrons.
In theory, there is no limit on the number of quarks in a hadron, as long as the hadron's color charge is white, or color-neutral. [2] Consistent with ordinary hadrons, exotic hadrons are classified as being either fermions, like ordinary baryons, or bosons, like ordinary mesons.
Hadronization (or hadronisation) is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons.There are two main branches of hadronization: quark-gluon plasma (QGP) transformation [1] and colour string decay into hadrons. [2]
In physical cosmology, the hadron era [1]: 209 is said to have begun at a time of 10-44 seconds, or at 10-8 seconds [2], and ended at 10-4 seconds. The temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron/anti-hadron pairs, which kept matter and anti-matter in thermal equilibrium .
A hadron collider is a very large particle accelerator built to test the predictions of various theories in particle physics, high-energy physics or nuclear physics by colliding hadrons. A hadron collider uses tunnels to accelerate, store, and collide two particle beams .
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories across more than 100 countries. [ 3 ]
A simulated particle collision in the LHC. The safety of high energy particle collisions was a topic of widespread discussion and topical interest during the time when the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and later the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)—currently the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—were being constructed and commissioned.