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I – Investigated condition (e.g. intervention, exposure, risk/ prognostic factor, or test result) C – Comparison condition (e.g. intervention, exposure, risk/ prognostic factor, or test result respectively) O – Outcome(s) (e.g. symptom, syndrome, or disease of interest) Alternatives such as SPICE and PECO (among many others) can also be used.
Although much of nursing ethics can appear similar to medical ethics, there are some factors that differentiate it. Breier-Mackie [5] suggests that nurses' focus on care and nurture, rather than cure of illness, results in a distinctive ethics. Furthermore, nursing ethics emphasizes the ethics of everyday practice rather than moral dilemmas. [2]
One point is assigned for each of the following risk factors: [citation needed] Age greater than 60 years; Stage III or IV disease; Elevated serum LDH; ECOG/Zubrod performance status of 2, 3, or 4; More than 1 extranodal site; The sum of the points allotted correlates with the following risk groups: Low risk (0-1 points) - 5-year survival of 73%
A Risk Class I or Risk Class II pneumonia patient can be sent home on oral antibiotics. [4] A Risk Class III patient, after evaluation of other factors including home environment and follow-up, may either: [5] be sent home with oral antibiotics [4] be admitted for a short hospital stay with antibiotics and monitoring. [4]
This hazard ratio, that is, the ratio between the predicted hazard for a member of one group and that for a member of the other group, is given by holding everything else constant, i.e. assuming proportionality of the hazard functions. [4] For a continuous explanatory variable, the same interpretation applies to a unit difference.
While retrospective cohort studies try to compare the risk of developing a disease to some already known exposure factors, a case-control study will try to determine the possible exposure factors after a known disease incidence. Both the relative risk and odds ratio are relevant in retrospective cohort studies, but only the odds ratio can be ...
Alternatively, one could group subjects based on their body mass index (BMI) and compare their risk of developing heart disease or cancer. Prospective cohort studies are typically ranked higher in the hierarchy of evidence than retrospective cohort studies [ 3 ] and can be more expensive than a case–control study .
A nursing diagnosis may be part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. Nursing diagnoses foster the nurse's independent practice (e.g., patient comfort or relief) compared to dependent interventions driven by physician ...