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In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2.In the diagram, these positions are marked R and ortho.; In meta-substitution, the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3 (corresponding to R and meta in the diagram).
There are three main ortho effects in substituted benzene compounds: Steric hindrance forces cause substitution of a chemical group in the ortho position of benzoic acids become stronger acids. Steric inhibition of protonation caused by substitution of anilines to become weaker bases, compared to substitution of isomers in the meta and para ...
There are 2 ortho positions, 2 meta positions and 1 para position on benzene when a group is attached to it. When a group is an ortho / para director with ortho and para positions reacting with the same partial rate factor, we would expect twice as much ortho product as para product due to this statistical effect.
Diagram showing the ortho, meta and para positions relative to a substituent X on a benzene ring. Both the regioselectivity—the diverse arene substitution patterns—and the speed of an electrophilic aromatic substitution are affected by the substituents already attached to the benzene ring.
There are three structural isomers: 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (the ortho isomer) is commonly known as catechol, 1,3-dihydroxybenzene (the meta isomer) is commonly known as resorcinol, and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene (the para isomer) is commonly known as hydroquinone. [1]
The phenyl group is closely related to benzene and can be viewed as a benzene ring, ... ortho (1,2-disubstitution), meta (1,3-disubstitution) and para (1,4 ...
Activators are known as ortho-para directors, and deactivators are known as meta directors. [9] Upon reacting, substituents will be added at the ortho, para or meta positions, depending on the directivity of the current substituents to make more complex benzene derivatives, often with several isomers.
These are usually two independent single substituents, but in case of fused ring systems, ortho-fusing is also mentioned unless the substitution pattern is regarded in the name like in [2.2]paracyclophane. In the current systematic nomenclature, o-, m- and p- are often replaced by using locants (1,2-dimethylbenzene instead of o-xylene).