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Definition: Arkansas legislation defines treason similarly to the United States Constitution, limiting it to "levying war against the state" or giving "aid and comfort" to the enemies of the state. Also similarly, conviction requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. [14]
Cramer moved to the United States in 1925, and was naturalized in 1936. He was a former member of the Friends of New Germany, a pro-Nazi organization based in the United States, which was the predecessor German American Bund. Cramer left the organization in 1935, believing it was a scam, and disliking some of their "radical activities".
Haupt v. United States, 330 U.S. 631 (1947), was a Supreme Court case in which the Court affirmed the conviction of Hans Max Haupt—father of Herbert Hans Haupt— for treason, and that after the Constitution's Treason Clause's two witness requirement is satisfied, it does not preclude the prosecution from entering out-of-court confessions into evidence.
The use and weight to be given to such out-of-court confessions in treason trials was later the subject of two United States Supreme Court decisions. See Cramer v. United States, 325 U.S. 1 (1945) ("Another class of evidence consists of admissions to agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. They are, of course, not 'confession in open court.'
At Bugas’ request, the charge was increased to treason, which carried the death penalty. Max Stephan, Detroit restaurateur, in 1942 came within hours of being hanged for treason after being ...
The Constitution defines treason as specific acts, namely "levying War against [the United States], or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort." A contrast is therefore maintained with the English law, whereby crimes including conspiring to kill the King or "violating" the Queen, were punishable as treason.
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Treason is the crime of attacking a state authority to which one owes allegiance. [1] This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to overthrow its government, spying on its military, its diplomats, or its secret services for a hostile and foreign power, or attempting to kill its head of state.