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In immunology, passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies.Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin (obtained from humans, horses, or other animals) are transferred to non-immune ...
Infant botulism (also referred to as floppy baby syndrome) was first recognized in 1976, and is the most common form of botulism in the United States. Infants are susceptible to infant botulism in the first year of life, with more than 90% of cases occurring in infants younger than six months. [4]
Over the last century, breastfeeding has been consistently shown to reduce infant mortality and morbidity, particularly of infectious disease. [8] Comparative research between human milk and formula has pointed towards the bio-active components in human milk as potential proponents of its immunological protection. [9]
BAT is the only FDA-approved product available for treating botulism in adults, and for botulism in infants caused by botulinum toxins other than types A and B. BAT has been used to treat a case of type F infant botulism and, on a case-by-case basis, may be used for future cases of non-type A and non-type B infant botulism. [4]
contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids, mother-to-infant during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983. [5] [6] [7] SIV was isolated in 1985 from some of these animals, captive rhesus macaques who had simian AIDS (SAIDS). [6]
Wound botulism: isolation of C. botulinum from the wound site should be attempted, as growth of the bacteria is diagnostic. [63] Adult enteric and infant botulism: isolation and growth of C. botulinum from stool samples is diagnostic. [64] Infant botulism is a diagnosis which is often missed in the emergency room. [65]
Contraindications to breastfeeding are those conditions that could compromise the health of the infant if breast milk from their mother is consumed. Examples include galactosemia , untreated HIV , untreated active tuberculosis , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 or II , uses illicit drugs , or mothers undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatment .
If used during pregnancy, it can cause harm to the developing fetus. [5] However, it appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding. [8] Gentamicin is a type of aminoglycoside [5] and works by disrupting the ability of the bacteria to make proteins, which typically kills the bacteria. [5]