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ALK inhibitors are anti-cancer drugs that act on tumours with variations of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) such as an EML4-ALK translocation. [1] They fall under the category of tyrosine kinase inhibitors , which work by inhibiting proteins involved in the abnormal growth of tumour cells.
In people affected by relapsed or refractory ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, crizotinib produced objective response rates ranging from 65% to 90% and 3 year progression free survival rates of 60–75%. No relapse of the lymphoma was ever observed after the initial 100 days of treatment. Treatment must be continued indefinitely at present.
It restricts and constrains learning and long-term memory [27] [55] [44] and small-molecule inhibitors of the ALK receptor can improve learning, [27] long-term memory, [55] and extend healthy lifespan. [56] ALK is also a candidate thinness gene, as its genetic deletion leads to resistance to diet- and leptin-mutation-induced obesity. [57] [N 1]
Alectinib (INN [8]), sold under the brand name Alecensa, is an anticancer medication that is used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). [6] [7] It blocks the activity of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). [9] [10] It is taken by mouth. [6] It was developed by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Japan, which is part of the Hoffmann-La Roche group.
Ceritinib is an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor primarily used for the treatment of ALK positive metastatic NSCLC. [8] [9] Previously, it was only indicated for patients who had developed resistant to crizotinib, another ALK inhibitor, but has since had its usage expanded to serve as a primary option for metastatic NSCLC.
Brigatinib is an inhibitor of ALK [3] and mutated EGFR. [5]ALK was first identified as a chromosomal rearrangement in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Genetic studies indicate that abnormal expression of ALK is a key driver of certain types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and neuroblastomas, as well as ALCL.
This regimen gave a progression-free survival rate of 48.2 months in one study and overall survival rates of 70–90% at five years in other studies. For >60 year old and medically unfit individuals of any age, the standard CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, prednisone, and the chemotherapeutic agent vincristine) is used.
In the United States there has been an increase in the 5-year relative survival rate between people diagnosed with cancer in 1975-1977 (48.9%) and people diagnosed with cancer in 2007-2013 (69.2%); these figures coincide with a 20% decrease in cancer mortality from 1950 to 2014. [8]