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The quest to produce a Bose–Einstein condensate in the laboratory was stimulated by a paper published in 1976 by two program directors at the National Science Foundation (William Stwalley and Lewis Nosanow), proposing to use spin-polarized atomic hydrogen to produce a gaseous BEC. [11]
The study of spinor condensates was initiated in 1998 by experimental groups at JILA [3] and MIT. [4] These experiments utilised 23 Na and 87 Rb atoms, respectively. In contrast to most prior experiments on ultracold gases, these experiments utilised a purely optical trap, which is spin-insensitive.
Bose originally had a factor of 2 for the possible spin states, but Einstein changed it to polarization. [9] By analogy, if in an alternate universe coins were to behave like photons and other bosons, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third, and so is the probability of getting a head and a tail which equals one-half ...
All known particles obey either Fermi–Dirac statistics or Bose–Einstein statistics. A particle's intrinsic spin always predicts the statistics of a collection of such particles and conversely: [3] integral-spin particles are bosons with Bose–Einstein statistics, half-integral-spin particles are fermions with Fermi–Dirac statistics.
Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, ... bosons obey the rules of Bose–Einstein statistics and have no such restriction ...
Bosons are quantum mechanical particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics, or equivalently, that possess integer spin.These particles can be classified as elementary: these are the Higgs boson, the photon, the gluon, the W/Z and the hypothetical graviton; or composite like the atom of hydrogen, the atom of 16 O, the nucleus of deuterium, mesons etc. Additionally, some quasiparticles in ...
SPIN invited various artists to join us in our Decades of Sound collaboration with Bose, celebrating the speaker company’s 60th anniversary. Sublime’s Jakob Nowell, singer-songwriter Griff ...
In fact, the commutation or anti-commutation relations are assumed based on whether the theory one intends to study corresponds to particles obeying Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac statistics. In this context the spin remains an internal quantum number that is only phenomenologically related to the statistical properties of the quanta.