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A cascading failure is a failure in a system of interconnected parts in which the failure of one or few parts leads to the failure of other parts, growing progressively as a result of positive feedback. This can occur when a single part fails, increasing the probability that other portions of the system fail.
The depletion force is described as an entropic force because it is fundamentally a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that a system tends to increase its entropy. [7] The gain in translational entropy of the depletants, owing to the increased available volume, is much greater than the loss of entropy from ...
Cascade reactions are often key steps in the efficient total synthesis of complex natural products. The key step in Heathcock's synthesis of dihydroprotodaphniphylline features a highly efficient cascade involving two aldehyde/amine condensations, a Prins-like cyclization, and a 1,5-hydride transfer to afford a pentacyclic structure from an acyclic starting material.
This entropic force is proportional to the distance between the two ends. [5] [7] The entropic force by a freely jointed chain has a clear mechanical origin and can be computed using constrained Lagrangian dynamics. [8] With regards to biological polymers, there appears to be an intricate link between the entropic force and function.
Entropy and disorder also have associations with equilibrium. [8] Technically, entropy, from this perspective, is defined as a thermodynamic property which serves as a measure of how close a system is to equilibrium—that is, to perfect internal disorder. [9]
In chemical engineering, a cascade is a plant consisting of several similar stages with each processing the output from the previous stage. Cascades are most commonly used in isotope separation , distillation , flotation and other separation or purification processes.
Enthalpies of melting and boiling for pure elements versus temperatures of transition, demonstrating Trouton's rule. In thermodynamics, Trouton's rule states that the (molar) entropy of vaporization is almost the same value, about 10.5 in nondimesnional units, or 85–88 if expressed in units J/(K·mol), for various kinds of liquids at their boiling points. [1]
The chemical decomposition of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) may be an example of an entropic explosion. [1] It is not a thermochemically highly favored event because little energy is generated in chemical bond formation in reaction products, but rather involves an entropy burst, which is the result of formation of one ozone and three acetone ...