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The upper cervical spine has a curve, convex forward, that begins at the axis (second cervical vertebra) at the apex of the odontoid process or dens and ends at the middle of the second thoracic vertebra; it is the least marked of all the curves. This inward curve is known as a lordotic curve. A thoracic spine X-ray of a 57-year-old male.
Lordosis. Lordosis is historically defined as an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar spine. [1][2] However, the terms lordosis and lordotic are also used to refer to the normal inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. [3][4] Similarly, kyphosis historically refers to abnormal convex curvature of the spine.
Kyphosis. Kyphosis (from Greek κυφός (kyphos) 'hump') is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions. [1][2] Abnormal inward concave lordotic curving of the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine is called lordosis. It can result from degenerative disc disease; developmental ...
The lower surface is concave from front to back, convex from side to side, and presents laterally shallow concavities that receive the corresponding projecting lips of the underlying vertebra. The pedicles are directed laterally and backward, and attach to the body midway between its upper and lower borders, so that the superior vertebral notch ...
3% [5][6] Scoliosis (pl.: scolioses) is a condition in which a person's spine has an irregular curve. [2] The curve is usually S- or C-shaped over three dimensions. [2][7] In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. [3] Mild scoliosis does not typically cause problems, but more severe cases can affect ...
X-ray image of an Idiopathic scoliosis. The neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis is about the changes in the bones, muscles and joints in cases of spinal deformity consisting of a lateral curvature scoliosis and a rotation of the vertebrae within the curve, that is not explained by either congenital vertebral abnormalities, or neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophy.
In mathematics, a concave function is one for which the value at any convex combination of elements in the domain is greater than or equal to the convex combination of the values at the endpoints. Equivalently, a concave function is any function for which the hypograph is convex. The class of concave functions is in a sense the opposite of the ...
Anatomical terms of bone. [ edit on Wikidata] The sacrum (pl.: sacra or sacrums[ 1 ]), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) between ages 18 and 30. [ 2 ] The sacrum situates at the upper, back part of the pelvic cavity, between the two wings of the pelvis.