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Grapes contain certain polyphenol compounds, although none has been shown to be an antioxidant in vivo. It is difficult to evaluate the physiological effects of specific natural phenolic antioxidants, since such a large number of individual compounds may occur even in a single food and their fate in vivo cannot be measured. [1] [6] [8]
Polyphenols (/ ˌpɒliˈfiːnoʊl, - nɒl /) are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. [ 1 ] They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
Main article: Flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a fifteen-carbon skeleton, containing two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon linking chain. [ 1 ] Therefore, they are depicted as C6-C3-C6 compounds.
Flavonols are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone (IUPAC name: 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one). Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic –OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols (with "a") such as catechin, another class of flavonoids, and an unrelated group of metabolically important ...
Flavones. Molecular structure of the flavone backbone with numbers. Flavones (from Latin flavus "yellow") are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1- benzopyran -4-one) (as shown in the first image of this article). [1][2] Flavones are common in foods, mainly from spices, and some yellow or orange ...
Carrots, squash, broccoli, sweet potatoes, tomatoes (which gain their color from the compound lycopene), kale, mangoes, oranges, seabuckthorn berries, wolfberries (goji), collards, cantaloupe, peaches and apricots are particularly rich sources of beta-carotene, the major provitamin A carotenoid. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water- soluble ...
Flavonoids are bioactive compounds found in plant-based foods like fruits and vegetables. ... Higher intakes of specific flavonoid subclasses—anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and flavones ...
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy- trans -stilbene) is a stilbenoid, a type of natural phenol or polyphenol and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens, such as bacteria or fungi. [ 6 ][ 7 ] Sources of resveratrol in food include the skin of grapes, blueberries, raspberries ...