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Kinetic theory of gases. hide. The temperature of the ideal gas is proportional to the average kinetic energy of its particles. The size of helium atoms relative to their spacing is shown to scale under 1,950 atmospheres of pressure. The atoms have an average speed relative to their size slowed down here two trillion fold from that at room ...
Fick's first law relates the diffusive flux to the gradient of the concentration. It postulates that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative), or in simplistic terms the concept that a solute will move from a region of high concentration to a region of low ...
The atoms (or particles) that might stop a beam particle are shown in red. The magnitude of the mean free path depends on the characteristics of the system. Assuming that all the target particles are at rest but only the beam particle is moving, that gives an expression for the mean free path: ℓ=(σn)−1,{\displaystyle \ell =(\sigma n)^{-1},}
A theoretical understanding of temperature in a hard-sphere model of a gas can be obtained from the Kinetic theory. Maxwell and Boltzmann developed a kinetic theory that yields a fundamental understanding of temperature in gases. [78] This theory also explains the ideal gas law and the observed heat capacity of monatomic (or 'noble') gases. [79 ...
Brownian motion. Simulation of the Brownian motion of a large particle, analogous to a dust particle, that collides with a large set of smaller particles, analogous to molecules of a gas, which move with different velocities in different random directions. Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas).
Knudsen diffusion. Schematic drawing of a molecule in a cylindrical pore in the case of Knudsen diffusion; are indicated the pore diameter (d) and the free path of the particle (l). Knudsen diffusion, named after Martin Knudsen, is a means of diffusion that occurs when the scale length of a system is comparable to or smaller than the mean free ...
In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected [clarification needed] connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ] Albert Einstein in 1905, [ 4 ] and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 [ 5 ] in their works on Brownian motion.
The Vicsek model is a mathematical model used to describe active matter. One motivation of the study of active matter by physicists is the rich phenomenology associated to this field. Collective motion and swarming are among the most studied phenomena. Within the huge number of models that have been developed to catch such behavior from a ...