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The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum. It is miscible with water in its neutral amine base form between 60 °C and 210 °C. It is a dibasic nitrogenous base, having K b1 =1×10 −6, K b2 =1×10 −11. [ 163 ]
Nicotine dependence[notes 2] is a state of substance dependence on nicotine. [3] It is a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by a compulsive craving to use the drug despite social consequences, loss of control over drug intake, and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms. [7] Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. [8]
Evidence revealed that common medicines varenicline, cytisine, and nicotine e-cigarettes were the most effective treatments. Varenicline is a prescription oral tablet designed to help with smoking ...
This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more harmful to others than to the users themselves. [ 4 ] Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use. [ 1 ] Symptoms typically include anxiety, shakiness, sweating, vomiting ...
Nicotine products like gum and mints — which some people use to help curb their addition and eventually quit smoking and vaping — are the “least harmful” way to consume nicotine, according ...
Accidental poisoning can result from using undiluted concentrated nicotine when mistakenly used as prepared e-liquid. [72] There is possibility that inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact can expose people to high levels of nicotine. [63] Concerns with exposure to the e-liquids include leaks or spills and contact with contaminants in the e ...
Nicotine is the key drug contained in tobacco leaves, which are either smoked, chewed or snuffed. It contains nicotine, which crosses the blood–brain barrier in 10–20 seconds. It mimics the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain and the neuromuscular junction .