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Amensalism (a term introduced by Edward Haskell) [25] is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by itself. [26] Amensalism describes the adverse effect that one organism has on another organism (figure 32.1).
Competition is one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure, species diversity, and population dynamics (shifts in a population over time). [ 3 ] There are three major mechanisms of competition: interference, exploitation, and apparent competition (in order from most direct to least direct).
Interference competition is the process by which individuals directly compete with one another in pursuit of a resource. It can involve fighting, stealing or ritualised combat. Direct intraspecific competition also includes animals claiming a territory which then excludes other animals from entering the area.
One mutualist shifts to parasitism, and no longer benefits its partner, [47] such as headlice [48] One partner abandons the mutualism and lives autonomously [47] One partner may go extinct [47] A partner may be switched to another species [49] There are many examples of mutualism breakdown.
A semiochemical, from the Greek σημεῖον (semeion), meaning "signal", is a chemical substance or mixture released by an organism that affects the behaviors of other individuals. [1] Semiochemical communication can be divided into two broad classes: communication between individuals of the same species (intraspecific) or communication ...
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Phenotypic plasticity refers to some of the changes in an organism's behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment. [1] [2] Fundamental to the way in which organisms cope with environmental variation, phenotypic plasticity encompasses all types of environmentally induced changes (e.g. morphological, physiological, behavioural, phenological) that may or may not be ...
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