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[1] [2] [3] Introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in his 1916 article The Atom and the Molecule, a Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds. [4] Lewis structures extend the concept of the electron dot diagram by adding lines between atoms to represent shared pairs in a chemical bond.
Similar to other phenols, the hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring of a benzenediol are weakly acidic. Each benzenediol can lose an H + from one of the hydroxyls to form a type of phenolate ion. The Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho - or para -hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde ( −CH=O ) or ketone ( >C=O ) reacts with ...
monosubstituted benzene 700–750 strong 690–710 strong ortho-disub. benzene 750 strong meta-disub. benzene 750–800 strong 860–900 strong para-disub. benzene 800–860 strong alkynes: any 3300 medium aldehydes: any 2720 medium 2820 C═C acyclic C═C monosub. alkenes 1645 medium 1,1-disub. alkenes 1655 medium cis-1,2-disub. alkenes 1660 ...
A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
[2] Scheme 1. Directed ortho metalation. The general principle is outlined in scheme 1. An aromatic ring system with a DMG group 1 interacts with an alkyllithium such as n-butyllithium in its specific aggregation state (hence (R-Li) n) to intermediate 2 since the hetero atom on the DMG is a Lewis base and lithium the Lewis acid.
Ortho effect is an organic chemistry phenomenon where the presence of a chemical group at the at ortho position or the 1 and 2 position of a phenyl ring, relative to the carboxylic compound changes the chemical properties of the compound.
Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.