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Leonhard Euler proved the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function in his thesis Variae observationes circa series infinitas (Various Observations about Infinite Series), published by St Petersburg Academy in 1737.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) plotted with domain coloring. [1] The pole at = and two zeros on the critical line.. The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter ζ (), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as () = = = + + + for >, and its analytic continuation elsewhere.
Since for even values of s the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) has an analytic expression in terms of a rational multiple of π s, then for even exponents, this infinite product evaluates to a rational number. For example, since ζ(2) = π 2 / 6 , ζ(4) = π 4 / 90 , and ζ(8) = π 8 / 9450 , then
Zeros of the Riemann zeta except negative even integers are called "nontrivial zeros". The Riemann hypothesis states that the real part of every nontrivial zero must be 1 / 2 . In other words, all known nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta are of the form z = 1 / 2 + yi where y is a real number.
In doing so, he discovered the connection between the Riemann zeta function and prime numbers; this is known as the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function. [85] Euler invented the totient function φ(n), the number of positive integers less than or equal to the integer n that are coprime to n.
In 1859 Bernhard Riemann used complex analysis and a special meromorphic function now known as the Riemann zeta function to derive an analytic expression for the number of primes less than or equal to a real number x. Remarkably, the main term in Riemann's formula was exactly the above integral, lending substantial weight to Gauss's conjecture.
Similarly Selberg zeta functions satisfy the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis, and are in some ways similar to the Riemann zeta function, having a functional equation and an infinite product expansion analogous to the Euler product expansion. But there are also some major differences; for example, they are not given by Dirichlet series.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is one of the most significant functions in mathematics because of its relationship to the distribution of the prime numbers. The zeta function is defined for any complex number s with real part greater than 1 by the following formula: ζ ( s ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n s . {\displaystyle \zeta (s)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty ...