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Although ancient India had a significant urban population, much of India's population resided in villages, whose economies were largely isolated and self-sustaining. [citation needed] Agriculture was the predominant occupation and satisfied a village's food requirements while providing raw materials for hand-based industries such as textile, food processing and crafts.
Maddison's estimates of global GDP, [6] China and India being the most powerful until the 18th century. Bengal Subah was valued 50% of Mughal India's GDP.. 1500–1600 Indian subcontinent, mostly under the Mughal Empire (after the conquest of the Delhi Sultanate and Bengal Sultanate) became economically 10 times more powerful than the contemporary Kingdom of France, [7] contained an estimated ...
The empire's largest economy in 1870 was British India with a 12.15% share of world GDP, followed by the United Kingdom with a 9.03% share. The empire's largest economy in 1913 was the United Kingdom with an 8.22% share of world GDP, followed by British India with a 7.47% share. [20]
Moosvi estimates that Mughal India also had a per-capita income 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India had in the early 20th century, and the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage to the economy of the Mughal Empire (18.2%) than it did to the economy of early 20th-century British India (11.2%). [19]
The gross domestic product of India was estimated at 24.4% of the world's economy in 1500, 22.4% in 1600, 16% in 1820, and 12.1% in 1870. India's share of global GDP declined to less than 2% of global GDP by the time of its independence in 1947, and only rose gradually after the liberalization of its economy beginning in the 1990s.
Under British rule, India's share of the world economy declined from 24.4% in 1700 down to 4.2% in 1950. India's GDP (PPP) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule. [158] India's share of global industrial output declined from 25% in 1750 down to 2% in 1900. [140]
By the 19th century, the British empire had replaced the Indian economy as the world's largest textile manufacturer. From 1858, the Indian economy was controlled directly under British imperial rule, also known as the British Raj. India continued to be occupied by the British until India gained independence in 1947.
The following table gives gross domestic product (GDP) estimates of the British Empire and its territories in 1870 and 1913, as a percentage of the world economy and the empire's economy, along with comparisons to the United States and Russian Empire. The British imperial territory with the largest economy in 1870 was British India (including ...