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In urban sociology, fragmentation refers to the absence or underdevelopment of connections between a society and the grouping of certain of its members. These connections may concern culture , nationality , race , language , occupation , religion , income level, or other common interests.
Fragmentation can be the cause of natural forces or human actions, although in modern times, human activity is the most common cause. [2] Some general causes of fragmentation are: the development of land around a protected area, even through the addition of a single road lane or fence line,
Political fragmentation is the division of the political landscape into so many different parties and groups that the governance might become inefficient. [1] Political fragmentation can apply to political parties, political groups or other political organisations. It is most often operationalized using the effective number of parliamentary ...
Social polarization is the segregation within a society that emerges when factors such as income inequality, real-estate fluctuations and economic displacement result in the differentiation of social groups from high-income to low-income. It is a state and/or a tendency denoting the growth of groups at the extremities of the social hierarchy ...
Balkanization or Balkanisation is the process involving the fragmentation of an area, country, or region into multiple smaller and hostile units. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is usually caused by differences in ethnicity, culture, religion, and geopolitical interests.
It was developed from his 1995 essay entitled "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital". Putnam surveys the decline of social capital in the United States since 1950. He has described the reduction in all the forms of in-person social intercourse upon which Americans used to found, educate, and enrich the fabric of their social lives.
Causes of habitat fragmentation include geological processes that slowly alter the layout of the physical environment [3] (suspected of being one of the major causes of speciation [3]), and human activity such as land conversion, which can alter the environment much faster and causes the extinction of many species.
Social disruption is a term used in sociology to describe the alteration, dysfunction or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting. Social disruption implies a radical transformation, in which the old certainties of modern society are falling away and something quite new is emerging. [ 1 ]