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Any real number can be written in the form m × 10 ^ n in many ways: for example, 350 can be written as 3.5 × 10 2 or 35 × 10 1 or 350 × 10 0. In normalized scientific notation (called "standard form" in the United Kingdom), the exponent n is chosen so that the absolute value of m remains at least one but less than ten ( 1 ≤ | m | < 10 ).
For a number written in scientific notation, this logarithmic rounding scale requires rounding up to the next power of ten when the multiplier is greater than the square root of ten (about 3.162). For example, the nearest order of magnitude for 1.7 × 10 8 is 8, whereas the nearest order of magnitude for 3.7 × 10 8 is 9.
(The notation | x | means the absolute value of x; the magnitude of x with the sign set to +, regardless of the original sign of x.) This q s test statistic can then be compared to a q value for the chosen significance level α from a table of the studentized range distribution .
Cartesian product of two sets, where it is usually read as "cross" [7] Geometric dimension of an object, such as noting that a room is 10 feet × 12 feet in area, where it is usually read as "by" (e.g., "10 feet by 12 feet") Screen resolution in pixels, such as 1920 pixels across × 1080 pixels down. Read as "by".
In mathematics, divided differences is an algorithm, historically used for computing tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions. [citation needed] Charles Babbage's difference engine, an early mechanical calculator, was designed to use this algorithm in its operation.
This technique is good for finding edits in graphical images, or for comparing an image with a compressed version to spot artefacts. [3] Visual comparison with a standard chart or reference is often used as a means of measuring complex phenomena such as the weather, sea states or the roughness of a river. [4]
For this technique to work, the two images must first be spatially aligned to match features between them, and their photometric values and point spread functions must be made compatible, either by careful calibration, or by post-processing (using color mapping). The complexity of the pre-processing needed before differencing varies with the ...
The first-order matrix difference equation [x t − x*] = A[x t−1 − x*] is stable—that is, x t converges asymptotically to the steady state x* —if and only if all eigenvalues of the transition matrix A (whether real or complex) have an absolute value which is less than 1.