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P-persistent This approach lies between the 1-persistent and non-persistent CSMA access modes. [1] When the transmitting node is ready to transmit data, it senses the transmission medium for idle or busy. If idle, then it transmits immediately. If busy, then it senses the transmission medium continuously until it becomes idle, then transmits ...
Here A = {−s, −s + 1, ..., s − 1, s} is the set of allowed spin quantum numbers and Ω = R 3 is the set of all possible particle positions throughout 3d position space. An alternative choice is α = (s y) for the spin quantum number along the y direction and ω = (p x, p y, p z) for the particle's momentum components.
There are two kinds of predicted gravitational memory effect: one based on a linear approximation of Einstein's equations, first proposed in 1974 by the Soviet scientists Yakov Zel'dovich and A. G. Polnarev, [2] [6] developed also by Vladimir Braginsky and L. P. Grishchuk, [2] and a non-linear phenomenon known as the non-linear memory effect, which was first proposed in the 1990s by Demetrios ...
It is a purely mathematical fact that the characteristic polynomial of the Einstein tensor of any pp-wave spacetime vanishes identically. Equivalently, we can find a Newman–Penrose complex null tetrad such that the Ricci-NP scalars (describing any matter or nongravitational fields which may be present in a spacetime) and the Weyl-NP scalars (describing any gravitational field which may be ...
Eq. 1 A more rigorous approach shows the strongest synchronization occurs for particles with a velocity in the wave frame proportional to the damping rate and independent of the wave amplitude. [ 10 ] : §3.2 Since Landau damping occurs for waves with arbitrarily small amplitudes, this shows the most active particles in this damping are far ...
Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency depends only weakly on the ...
The R wave and the L wave are right-hand and left-hand circularly polarized, respectively. The R wave has a cut-off at ω R (hence the designation of this frequency) and a resonance at ω c. The L wave has a cut-off at ω L and no resonance. R waves at frequencies below ω c /2 are also known as whistler modes. [6]
Periodic travelling waves play a fundamental role in many mathematical equations, including self-oscillatory systems, [1] [2] excitable systems [3] and reaction–diffusion–advection systems. [4] Equations of these types are widely used as mathematical models of biology, chemistry and physics, and many examples in phenomena resembling ...