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A quadrupole electric field is displayed for reference, which oscillates at a given frequency . The blue line represents the ion path in the transversal (or radial) direction of a linear trap, while the orange line is the secular (slow) motion resulting from the ponderomotive force due to the electric field onto the ion.
Once upon a time, the symbol E (for electromotive force) was used to designate voltages. Then, every student learned the phrase ELI the ICE man as a reminder that: For an inductive (L) circuit, the EMF (E) is ahead of the current (I)
Jefimenko says, "...neither Maxwell's equations nor their solutions indicate an existence of causal links between electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, we must conclude that an electromagnetic field is a dual entity always having an electric and a magnetic component simultaneously created by their common sources: time-variable electric ...
In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field.A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the object to the center.
The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force field increases potential energy, while work done by the force field decreases potential energy. Common notations for potential energy are PE, U, V, and E p. Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object's position relative to other objects. [5]
The two opposite corners of the potential of interest represent the coefficients of the overall result. If the coefficient lies on the left hand side of the square, a negative sign should be added. In our example, an intermediate result would be d U = − p [ Differential ] + T [ Differential ] {\displaystyle dU=-p\,[{\text{Differential}}]+T ...
In physics, action is a scalar quantity that describes how the balance of kinetic versus potential energy of a physical system changes with trajectory. Action is significant because it is an input to the principle of stationary action, an approach to classical mechanics that is simpler for multiple objects. [1]
The energy content of this volume element at 5 km from the station is 2.1 × 10 −10 × 0.109 = 2.3 × 10 −11 J, which amounts to 3.4 × 10 14 photons per (). Since 3.4 × 10 14 > 1, quantum effects do not play a role. The waves emitted by this station are well-described by the classical limit and quantum mechanics is not needed.