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Epiretinal membrane or macular pucker is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes.Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
Bruch's membrane or lamina vitrea [1] is the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. It is also called the vitreous lamina or Membrane vitriae , because of its glassy microscopic appearance. It is 2–4 μm thick.
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
OCT findings in Berlin's edema have included increased reflectivity because of photoreceptor outer segment disruption and, less frequently, hyper-reflectivity of inner retinal layers. Other findings include increased central retinal thickness, a low signal triangular area below the foveal pit, and outer retinal thickening.
Drusen, from the German word for node or geode (singular, "Druse"), are tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material that build up between Bruch's membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The presence of a few small ("hard") drusen is normal with advancing age, and most people over 40 have some hard drusen. [1]
The RNFL formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata.. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders.
According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, a novel CNTF implant "is a semipermeable fiber membrane filled with human retinal pigment epithelium cells that secrete ciliary neurotrophic factor". During Phase 2 testing, the implant device was "shown to slow the progression of retinal degeneration compared with participants who received ...
Lipaemia retinalis is a retinal disease caused by hypertriglyceridemia or chylomicronemia. [3] Depending on plasma triglyceride level, the retinal arteries, veins or occasionally the entire fundus may show creamy-white to salmon red discoloration. [6] In primary hyperlipidaemia, LR occurs only in patients with increased chylomicron levels. [6]