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Nondualism includes a number of philosophical and spiritual traditions that emphasize the absence of fundamental duality or separation in existence. [1] This viewpoint questions the boundaries conventionally imposed between self and other, mind and body, observer and observed, [2] and other dichotomies that shape our perception of reality.
The field of mind (Chittakasha) involves the duality of subject and object, the seer and the seen, the observer (drg) and the observed (drshya); this duality is overcome in the field of pure Consciousness. Such knowledge, says Sankara, does not destroy or create, it only illumines. [2]
It can also refer to that phrase itself, in which case it may also be called the nianfo, or "The Name" (Japanese: myōgō 名号). In most extant Pure Land traditions, faithfully reciting the name of Amitābha is mainly seen as a way to obtain birth in Amitābha's pure land of Sukhāvatī ("Blissful") through the Buddha's "other power".
Alternative names for this concept of Hinduism, include shunya purusha and Jagannatha (Vishnu) in certain text. [ 127 ] [ 129 ] However, both in Lingayatism and various flavors of Vaishnavism such as Mahima Dharma , the idea of Shunya is closer to the Hindu concept of metaphysical Brahman , rather than to the Śūnyatā concept of Buddhism. [ 127 ]
A further meaning of non-duality in Zen is as the absence of a duality between the perceiving subject and the perceived object. [214] [215] [216] This understanding of non-duality is derived from the Indian Yogachara school. [217]
Florin Deleanu likewise affirms the idealist nature of Yogācāra texts, while also underscoring how Yogācāra retains a strong orientation to a soteriology which aims at contemplative realization of an ultimate reality that is an ‘inexpressible essence’ (nirabhilāpyasvabhāva) beyond any subject-object duality.
Bishamonten is the Japanese equivalent of the Indian Kubera and the Buddhist Vaishravana. [39] [40] Daikokuten (大黒天) Often shortened to simply Daikoku, he is variously considered to be the god of wealth (more specifically, the harvest), or of the household (particularly the kitchen). He is recognized by his wide face, smile, and flat ...
Shankara's notion of "Unevolved Name-and-Form" was not adopted by the later Advaita tradition; instead, the later tradition turned avidya into a metaphysical principle, namely mulavidya or "root ignorance," a metaphysical substance which is the "primal material cause of the universe (upadana)."