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[6] [6] Peak concentrations of phentermine are reached 6 hours following oral administration of a dose of 15 mg. [6] The steady-state levels of phentermine with continuous administration have been found to be around 200 ng/mL in clinical studies. [6] The oral bioavailability of phentermine is not affected by intake of a high-fat meal. [6]
Phentermine is a substituted amphetamine and topiramate has an unknown mechanism of action Approved for weight management (short-term) by the FDA but not the European Medicines Agency [ 54 ] 10% [ 55 ] or 8.25 kilograms (18.2 lb) [ 56 ]
Phentermine and topiramate was developed by Vivus, a California pharmaceutical company. In December 2009, Vivus, Inc. submitted a new drug application (NDA) to the FDA and on 1 March 2010, Vivus, Inc. announced that the FDA accepted the NDA for review.
[citation needed] Its duration of action is 4 hours with intramuscular injection and 30 minutes with intravenous administration. [citation needed] Mephentermine, along with phentermine, is known to be produced as a metabolite of the orally administered local anesthetic oxetacaine (oxethazaine). [12] [13]
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Fenfluramine as a single drug was first introduced in the 1970s, but was not popular because it only temporarily reduced weight. [1] A 1984 study found a weight loss of 7.5 kg on average in 24 weeks, as compared to 4.4 kg under placebo. [4]
For comparison, dextroamphetamine 3 mg/kg i.p. increased striatal dopamine levels by about 5,000% in rats. [21] On the other hand, the maximal increases in brain dopamine levels with phenmetrazine are similar to those with the proposed dopamine transporter (DAT) "inverse agonists" methylphenidate and cocaine (e.g., ~1,500%). [ 21 ]
[9] Teva's new 40 mg version of Copaxone taken three times a week "accounted for 68.5 percent of total Copaxone prescriptions in the United States." [9] Copaxone accounts for about fifty percent of "Teva's profit and 20 percent of revenue." [9] Competitors' Glatopa, 20 mg version of Copaxone, is taken once a day. [9]