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The smaller ammonium PM2.5 can also travel further distances (100–1000 km) when compared to unreacted ammonia (less than 10–100 km) in the atmosphere. [4] Some countries like China have focused on reducing SO 2 and NO X emissions, however increased NH 3 pollution still results in PM2.5 formation and reduces air quality. [28]
Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
Maternal PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy is also associated with high blood pressure in children. [218] Inhalation of PM 2.5 – PM 10 is associated with elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight. [219] Exposure to PM 2.5 has been associated with greater reductions in birth weight than exposure to PM 10. [220]
A study published in 2019 estimated that, for 2015, the number was around 8.8 million, with 5.5 million of these premature deaths due to air pollution from human sources. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] The global mean loss of life expectancy from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct ...
This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2010 to 2022. The January 2024 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 5,390 towns and cities in 63 countries.
Below is a list of 526 cities sorted by their annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m 3) in 2022. [1] [2] By default the least polluted cities which have fewest particulates in the air come first.
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Air pollution is among the biggest health problems of modern industrial society and is responsible for more than 10 percent of all deaths worldwide (nearly 4.5 million premature deaths in 2019), according to The Lancet. Air pollution can affect nearly every organ and system of the body, negatively affecting nature and humans alike.