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The chain rule applies in some of the cases, but unfortunately does not apply in matrix-by-scalar derivatives or scalar-by-matrix derivatives (in the latter case, mostly involving the trace operator applied to matrices). In the latter case, the product rule can't quite be applied directly, either, but the equivalent can be done with a bit more ...
In this situation, the chain rule represents the fact that the derivative of f ∘ g is the composite of the derivative of f and the derivative of g. This theorem is an immediate consequence of the higher dimensional chain rule given above, and it has exactly the same formula. The chain rule is also valid for Fréchet derivatives in Banach spaces.
Reverse accumulation traverses the chain rule from outside to inside, or in the case of the computational graph in Figure 3, from top to bottom. The example function is scalar-valued, and thus there is only one seed for the derivative computation, and only one sweep of the computational graph is needed to calculate the (two-component) gradient.
For the example below, there are four sides: A, B, C and the final result ABC. A is a 10×30 matrix, B is a 30×5 matrix, C is a 5×60 matrix, and the final result is a 10×60 matrix. The regular polygon for this example is a 4-gon, i.e. a square: The matrix product AB is a 10x5 matrix and BC is a 30x60 matrix.
The chain rule has a particularly elegant statement in terms of total derivatives. It says that, for two functions f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} , the total derivative of the composite function f ∘ g {\displaystyle f\circ g} at a {\displaystyle a} satisfies
Suppose a function f(x, y, z) = 0, where x, y, and z are functions of each other. Write the total differentials of the variables = + = + Substitute dy into dx = [() + ()] + By using the chain rule one can show the coefficient of dx on the right hand side is equal to one, thus the coefficient of dz must be zero () + = Subtracting the second term and multiplying by its inverse gives the triple ...
Composable differentiable functions f : R n → R m and g : R m → R k satisfy the chain rule, namely () = (()) for x in R n. The Jacobian of the gradient of a scalar function of several variables has a special name: the Hessian matrix , which in a sense is the " second derivative " of the function in question.
Backpropagation computes the gradient of a loss function with respect to the weights of the network for a single input–output example, and does so efficiently, computing the gradient one layer at a time, iterating backward from the last layer to avoid redundant calculations of intermediate terms in the chain rule; this can be derived through ...