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A common example of a vertical asymptote is the case of a rational function at a point x such that the denominator is zero and the numerator is non-zero. If a function has a vertical asymptote, then it isn't necessarily true that the derivative of the function has a vertical asymptote at the same place. An example is
For positive real numbers, exponentiation to real powers can be defined in two equivalent ways, either by extending the rational powers to reals by continuity (§ Limits of rational exponents, below), or in terms of the logarithm of the base and the exponential function (§ Powers via logarithms, below).
An example of an important asymptotic result is the prime number theorem. Let π(x) denote the prime-counting function (which is not directly related to the constant pi), i.e. π(x) is the number of prime numbers that are less than or equal to x. Then the theorem states that .
First we define an asymptotic scale, and then give the formal definition of an asymptotic expansion. If is a sequence of continuous functions on some domain, and if is a limit point of the domain, then the sequence constitutes an asymptotic scale if for every n,
The rule states that if the nonzero terms of a single-variable polynomial with real coefficients are ordered by descending variable exponent, then the number of positive roots of the polynomial is either equal to the number of sign changes between consecutive (nonzero) coefficients, or is less than it by an even number.
Examples include e and π. Trigonometric number: Any number that is the sine or cosine of a rational multiple of π. Quadratic surd: A root of a quadratic equation with rational coefficients. Such a number is algebraic and can be expressed as the sum of a rational number and the square root of a rational number.
It is not known whether n q is rational for any positive integer n and positive non-integer rational q. [20] For example, it is not known whether the positive root of the equation 4 x = 2 is a rational number. [citation needed] It is not known whether e π or π e (defined using Kneser's extension) are rationals or not.
The real numbers can be defined synthetically as an ordered field satisfying some version of the completeness axiom.Different versions of this axiom are all equivalent in the sense that any ordered field that satisfies one form of completeness satisfies all of them, apart from Cauchy completeness and nested intervals theorem, which are strictly weaker in that there are non Archimedean fields ...