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The input hypothesis, also known as the monitor model, is a group of five hypotheses of second-language acquisition developed by the linguist Stephen Krashen in the 1970s and 1980s. Krashen originally formulated the input hypothesis as just one of the five hypotheses, but over time the term has come to refer to the five hypotheses as a group.
The monitor hypothesis. This states that language knowledge that is consciously learned can only be used to monitor output, not to generate new language. Monitoring output requires learners to be focused on the rule and to have time to apply it. [10] The input hypothesis. This states that language is acquired by exposure to comprehensible input ...
Stephen Krashen received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972. [2] Krashen has among papers (peer-reviewed and not) and books, more than 486 publications, contributing to the fields of second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. [3]
The Bottleneck Hypothesis [23] suggests that certain linguistic features in second-language acquisition (SLA) act as a bottleneck, limiting the progression of learners in acquiring the full grammatical system of the target language. According to this hypothesis, functional morphology is the most challenging aspect for adult L2 learners to acquire.
Individual factors, such as language aptitude, age, strategy use, motivation, and personality, play a significant role in second-language acquisition. For example, the critical period hypothesis explores how age affects language learning ability, while motivation is often categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic types.
Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition is a highly practical theory for communicative language learning. This notion of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis; the Monitor hypothesis; the Natural Order hypothesis; the Input hypothesis; and the Affective Filter hypothesis.
If he were able to come up with that money, Lewis would need to stay in Indiana and wear a GPS monitor, the judge said. But Lewis said he has no intention of posting bail. “I don’t want bond ...
One theory of language acquisition is the comprehensible output hypothesis. Developed by Merrill Swain , the comprehensible output ( CO ) hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in their linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2).