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In WPA2-protected WLANs, secure communication is established through a multi-step process. Initially, devices associate with the Access Point (AP) via an association request. This is followed by a 4-way handshake, a crucial step ensuring both the client and AP have the correct Pre-Shared Key (PSK) without actually transmitting it.
[3] [4] The new standard uses 128-bit encryption in WPA3-Personal mode (192-bit in WPA3-Enterprise) [5] and forward secrecy. [6] The WPA3 standard also replaces the pre-shared key (PSK) exchange with Simultaneous Authentication of Equals as defined in IEEE 802.11-2016 resulting in a more secure initial key exchange in personal mode.
After the PSK or 802.1X authentication, a shared secret key is generated, called the Pairwise Master Key (PMK). In PSK authentication, the PMK is actually the PSK, [ 6 ] which is typically derived from the WiFi password by putting it through a key derivation function that uses SHA-1 as the cryptographic hash function . [ 7 ]
The more secure WPA2 using Advanced Encryption Standard was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA. [140] In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as KRACK. [141] [142] A QR code to automate a Wi-Fi connection using WIFI:S:Wikipedia;T:WPA;P ...
Microsoft Windows XP has built-in configuration and management support. The original shipping version of Windows XP included rudimentary support which was dramatically improved in Service Pack 2. Support for WPA2 and some other security protocols require updates from Microsoft. Many hardware manufacturers include their software and require the ...
A major security flaw was revealed in December 2011 that affects wireless routers with the WPS PIN feature, which most recent models have enabled by default. The flaw allows a remote attacker to recover the WPS PIN in a few hours with a brute-force attack and, with the WPS PIN, the network's WPA/WPA2 pre-shared key (PSK). [3]
The primary enhancement over WPA is the inclusion of the AES-CCMP algorithm as a mandatory feature. Both WPA and WPA2 support EAP authentication methods using RADIUS servers and preshared key (PSK). The number of WPA and WPA2 networks are increasing, while the number of WEP networks are decreasing, [34] because of the security vulnerabilities ...
wpa_supplicant is a free software implementation of an IEEE 802.11i supplicant for Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, QNX, AROS, Microsoft Windows, Solaris, OS/2 (including ArcaOS and eComStation) [2] and Haiku. [3] In addition to being a WPA3 and WPA2 supplicant, it also implements WPA and older wireless LAN security protocols.