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Titanium alone is a strong, light metal. It is stronger than common, low-carbon steels, but 45% lighter. It is also twice as strong as weak aluminium alloys but only 60% heavier. Titanium has outstanding corrosion resistance to seawater, and thus is used in propeller shafts, rigging and other parts of boats that are exposed to seawater.
Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong [16] as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi). [23] However, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C (806 °F). [24]
The +4 oxidation state dominates titanium chemistry, [1] but compounds in the +3 oxidation state are also numerous. [2] Commonly, titanium adopts an octahedral coordination geometry in its complexes, [3] [4] but tetrahedral TiCl 4 is a notable exception. Because of its high oxidation state, titanium(IV) compounds exhibit a high degree of ...
Molybdenum-based alloys are widely used, because they are cheaper than superior tungsten alloys. The most widely used alloy of molybdenum is the Titanium-Zirconium-Molybdenum alloy TZM, composed of 0.5% titanium and 0.08% of zirconium (with molybdenum being the rest). The alloy exhibits a higher creep resistance and strength at high ...
Titanium is somewhat distinct due to its smaller size: it has a well-defined +3 state as well (although +4 is more stable). All the group 4 elements are hard. Their inherent reactivity is completely masked due to the formation of a dense oxide layer that protects them from corrosion, as well as attack by many acids and alkalis.
Studies of titanium alloys used in armors began in the 1950s at the Watertown Arsenal, which later became a part of the Army Research Laboratory. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] A 1948 graduate of MIT, Stanley Abkowitz (1927-2017) was a pioneer in the titanium industry and is credited for the invention of the Ti-6Al-4V during his time at the US Army’s Watertown ...
The oxide layer would be unprotective if the ratio is less than unity because the film that forms on the metal surface is porous and/or cracked. Conversely, the metals with the ratio higher than 1 tend to be protective because they form an effective barrier that prevents the gas from further oxidizing the metal.
Tungsten has several oxidation states, and therefore oxides: Tungsten(III) oxide; Tungsten(IV) oxide, also known as tungsten dioxide; Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide; Tungsten pentoxide