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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continuing through to the present day.
Islam in Central Asia; Islam in Iran; Islam in Turkey; Islamic Golden Age; Jihad; List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language; Medieval Muslim Algeria; Middle Ages; Military history of Iran; Muhammad; Muhammad ibn al-Qasim; Ottoman Caliphate; Political aspects of Islam; Pre-Islamic Arabia; Rashidun Caliphate; Science ...
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
A list of nations mentioned in the Bible. A. Ammonites (Genesis 19) Amorites [1] Arabia [2]
The locations, lands, and nations mentioned in the Bible are not all listed here. Some locations might appear twice, each time under a different name. Only places having their own Wikipedia articles are included. See also the list of minor biblical places for locations which do not have their own Wikipedia article.
The Muslims were assisted by some Copts, who found the Muslims more tolerant than the Byzantines, and of these, some turned to Islam. In return for a tribute of money and food for the occupation troops, the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were excused from military service and left free in the observance of their religion and the administration ...
Muslim non-Arabs (clients of the Muslim Arabs) Dhimmis (non-Muslim free persons such as Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians) Slaves; The Muslim Arabs were at the top of the society and saw it as their duty to rule over the conquered areas. The Arab Muslims held themselves in higher esteem than Muslim non-Arabs and generally did not mix with other ...