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Abbot showed that one of Langley's corrections was erroneously applied. Abbot's results varied between 1.89 and 2.22 calories (1.318 to 1.548 kW/m 2), a variation that appeared to be due to the Sun and not the Earth's atmosphere. [7] In 1954 the solar constant was evaluated as 2.00 cal/min/cm 2 ± 2%. [8] Current results are about 2.5 percent ...
This integrated solar irradiance is called solar irradiation, solar radiation, solar exposure, solar insolation, or insolation. Irradiance may be measured in space or at the Earth's surface after atmospheric absorption and scattering. Irradiance in space is a function of distance from the Sun, the solar cycle, and cross-cycle changes. [2]
Solar radiation pressure on objects near the Earth may be calculated using the Sun's irradiance at 1 AU, known as the solar constant, or G SC, whose value is set at 1361 W/m 2 as of 2011. [17] All stars have a spectral energy distribution that depends on their surface temperature. The distribution is approximately that of black-body radiation.
W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅T −2: Irradiance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. This is sometimes also confusingly called "spectral intensity". Non-SI units of spectral flux density include jansky (1 Jy = 10 −26 W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1) and solar flux unit (1 sfu = 10 −22 W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1 = 10 4 Jy). E e,λ [nb 4] watt per ...
The solar flux unit (sfu) is a convenient measure of spectral flux density often used in solar radio observations, such as the F10.7 solar activity index: [1]. 1 sfu = 10 4 Jy = 10 −22 W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1 = 10 −19 erg⋅s −1 ⋅cm −2 ⋅Hz −1.
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W/m 2: M⋅T −3: Radiant flux leaving (emitted, reflected and transmitted by) a surface per unit area. This is sometimes also confusingly called "intensity". Spectral radiosity: J e,ν [nb 3] watt per square metre per hertz W⋅m −2 ⋅Hz −1: M⋅T −2: Radiosity of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength. The latter is commonly ...
Major alcohol companies have been bracing for a culture shift favoring nonalcoholic options. Consumers under 30 tend to buy less alcohol and drink less often.