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Memory hierarchy of an AMD Bulldozer server. The number of levels in the memory hierarchy and the performance at each level has increased over time. The type of memory or storage components also change historically. [6] For example, the memory hierarchy of an Intel Haswell Mobile [7] processor circa 2013 is:
The final revision of the proposed memory model, C++ n2429, [6] was accepted into the C++ draft standard at the October 2007 meeting in Kona. [7] The memory model was then included in the next C++ and C standards, C++11 and C11. [8] [9] The Rust programming language inherited most of C/C++'s memory model. [10]
Object-oriented applications contain complex webs of interrelated objects. Objects are linked to each other by one object either owning or containing another object or holding a reference to another object. This web of objects is called an object graph and it is the more abstract structure that can be used in discussing an application's state.
This instruction moves the contents of one memory location to another memory location combining with the current content of the new location: [2]: 42 [20] Instruction movx a, b (also written a-> b) OP = GetOperation(Mem[b]) Mem[b] := OP(Mem[a], Mem[b]) The operation performed is defined by the destination memory cell.
Highly requested data is cached in high-speed access memory stores, allowing swifter access by central processing unit (CPU) cores. Cache hierarchy is a form and part of memory hierarchy and can be considered a form of tiered storage. [1] This design was intended to allow CPU cores to process faster despite the memory latency of main memory access.
A common computational model in analyzing communication-avoiding algorithms is the two-level memory model: There is one processor and two levels of memory. Level 1 memory is infinitely large. Level 0 memory ("cache") has size . In the beginning, input resides in level 1. In the end, the output resides in level 1.
Diagram showing the memory hierarchy of a modern computer architecture: Date: 9 February 2010, 19:40 (UTC) ... Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents
When the speedup is Ω(p) for p processors (using big O notation), the speedup is linear, which is optimal in simple models of computation because the work law implies that T 1 / T p ≤ p (super-linear speedup can occur in practice due to memory hierarchy effects). The situation T 1 / T p = p is called perfect linear speedup. [9]