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The Sauk or Sac are Native Americans and Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands. Their historical territory was near Green Bay, Wisconsin. Today they have three tribes based in Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Their federally recognized tribes are: Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska; Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma
The Meskwaki (Fox) and Asikiwaki (Sauk/Sac) were related to each other and spoke the same language, but were politically independent. However, the Fox tribe was nearly destroyed in a war with the French and the surviving Fox Indians fled to the Sauk villages for protection. The two tribes merged into a single tribe called the Sac and Fox.
The Sauk-Suiattle Tribe achieved federal recognition on September 17, 1975. Their constitution and bylaws were approved by the Secretary of the Interior on the same day. [8] The Sauk-Suiattle Tribe is governed by the seven-member Sauk-Suiattle Tribal Council. The current [note 4] membership of the Tribal Council is as follows. [10]
Treaty of Sauk and Fox (Confederated Tribes) in Washington, DC, October 21, 1837; Treaty of Sauk and Fox Agency, Iowa Territory, October 11, 1842 where the Sauk and Foxes cede all lands West of the Mississippi River, to which they have any claim. Treaty of Sauk and Fox of Missouri, Washington, DC, May 18, 1854
[2]: p.13 Black Hawk's father Pyesa was the tribal medicine man of the Sauk people. [3] Little is known about Black Hawk's youth. He was said to be a descendant of Nanamakee (Thunder), a Sauk chief who, according to tradition, met an early French explorer, possibly Samuel de Champlain.
The Sauk and Meskwaki allied in 1735 in defense against the French and their allied Indian tribes. Descendants spread through southern Wisconsin, and along the present-day Illinois - Iowa border. In 1829 the US government estimated there were 1,500 Meskwaki along with 5,500 Sac (or Sauk).
A prominent chieftain of the Sauk prior to the Black Hawk War, Neapope was first consulted by Black Hawk in 1820 on whether to declare war against neighboring American settlers or to move his supporters, including Neapope and Sauk chieftain Keokuk, from Illinois and into Iowa.
The Sac and Fox Reservation of Sauk (Sac) and Meskwaki (Fox) people is a 23.639 sq mi (61.226 km 2) tract located in southeastern Richardson County, Nebraska, and northeastern Brown County, Kansas. It is governed by the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, and the headquarters for reservation is in Reserve, Kansas.