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The term 30-million-word gap (often shortened to just word gap) was originally coined by Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley in their book Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children, [1] and subsequently reprinted in the article "The Early Catastrophe: The 30 Million Word Gap by Age 3". [2]
[6] [7] Some subsequent scholars have thrown doubt on Hart and Risley's findings, arguing that Hart and Risley's study was methodologically unsound and that the language disparity reported by Hart and Risley does not in fact exist and cannot be considered causal for the disparity of education outcomes. [8] [9] [10]
In 1998, Terry Paul, founder of Renaissance Learning Inc., read Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Lives of Young American Children by Betty Hart and Todd Risley. This longitudinal study highlighted the correlation between the number of words spoken to children from birth to age three and their language ability and IQ at age three. Inspired ...
Todd Robert Risley (September 8, 1937 – November 2, 2007) was an American psychologist. He is credited with helping to create the field of applied behavior analysis , and has been described as a "pioneer" in this field.
Recent research has failed to replicated Hart and Risley's findings. [13] In 2019, Suskind wrote that she acknowledged the shortcomings of the Hart and Risley study and that there was a need to move beyond the idea of a 30-million-word gap. She explained that the name of her research center at the University of Chicago was changed from ...
According to the findings in a study on Head Start participation and school readiness, full-time Head Start participation was associated with higher academic skills in children of less-educated parents. [23] Another long-term study by Hart and Risley tracked 42 children and their families over two years.
Difference in differences (DID [1] or DD [2]) is a statistical technique used in econometrics and quantitative research in the social sciences that attempts to mimic an experimental research design using observational study data, by studying the differential effect of a treatment on a 'treatment group' versus a 'control group' in a natural experiment. [3]
H. L. A. Hart was probably the most influential writer in the modern school of analytical jurisprudence, [1] [2] [3] though its history goes back at least to Jeremy Bentham. Analytical jurisprudence is not to be mistaken for legal formalism (the idea that legal reasoning is or can be modelled as a mechanical, algorithmic process). Indeed, it ...