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FAD is an aromatic ring system, whereas FADH 2 is not. [12] This means that FADH 2 is significantly higher in energy, without the stabilization through resonance that the aromatic structure provides. FADH 2 is an energy-carrying molecule, because, once oxidized it regains aromaticity and releases the energy represented by this stabilization ...
This four step process repeats until acyl-CoA has removed all carbons from the chain, leaving only Acetyl-CoA. During one cycle of beta oxidation, Acyl-CoA creates one molecule of Acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. [7] Acetyl-CoA is then used in the citric acid cycle while FADH2 and NADH are sent to the electron transport chain. [8]
Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, generating NADH and FADH 2, which are electron carriers used in the electron transport chain. It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid chain undergoes oxidation and is converted to a carbonyl group to start the cycle all over again.
FADH and FADH 2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH 2 is produced as a prosthetic group in succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle. In oxidative phosphorylation, two molecules of FADH 2 typically yield 1.5 ATP each, or three ATP combined.
Structure of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase tetramer. FAD molecules are shown in yellow. The medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) is the best known structure of all ACADs, and is the most commonly deficient enzyme within the class that leads to metabolic disorders in animals. [1]
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester) as a substrate.
The flavoprotein family contains a diverse range of enzymes, including: Adrenodoxin reductase that is involved in steroid hormone synthesis in vertebrate species, and has a ubiquitous distribution in metazoa and prokaryotes [1]
Abbreviations: ACP – Acyl carrier protein, CoA – Coenzyme A, NADP – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. In fatty synthesis, the reducing agent is NADPH , whereas NAD is the oxidizing agent in beta-oxidation (the breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA).