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While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils. This is the grade-level equivalence chart recommended by Fountas & Pinnell. [4] [5]
A running record is a method of assessing a child's reading level that is specific to the Reading Recovery approach to remedial reading instruction. [1] Exactly how a running record is constructed varies according to the specific purpose for which it will be used and the program for which it is used. However, there are some similarities across ...
Gay Su Pinnell (born June 28, 1944) is an American educational theorist and a professor emerita at the School of Teaching and Learning at the Ohio State University.She is best known for her work with Irene Fountas on literacy and guided reading, a teaching framework that laid the groundwork for the Fountas and Pinnell reading levels.
Fountas, Irene and Pinnell, Gay Su; The Fountas & Pinnell Literacy Continuum: A Tool For Assessment, Planning and Teaching (2017) ISBN 978-0325060781; Fountas, Irene and Pinnell, Gay Su. Guiding Readers and Writers/Grades 3–6, Portsmouth, NH,Heinemann, 2001. ISBN 0-325-00310-6 "Op Ed:The Fallacy of 'Balanced Literacy', NY Times July 6, 2014".
Although, there are positive aspects to this type of reading instruction, there are also two main challenges that exist at every grade level. According to Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell, "some students will work on very basic reading skills such as word analysis and comprehending simple texts" [page needed] while other students may be working ...
"The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...
World U20 records in the sport of athletics are ratified by World Athletics. Athletics records comprise the best performance of an athlete before the year of their 20th birthday. Technically, in all under 20 age divisions, the age is calculated "on December 31 of the year of competition" [1] to avoid age group switching during a competitive season.
For record purposes, older athletes are not included in younger age groups, except in the case of relay team members. A relay team's age group is determined by the age of the youngest member. There are two categories of relay records, one for composite teams made up of four American runners usually National teams at major championships, and a ...