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In peer-dominated contexts, functional diversity may lead to marginalization and exclusion. [50] [51] Socially excluded children may have unsatisfying peer relationships, low self-esteem, and lack of achievement motivation, which affect their social and academic aspects of life, mental health, and general well-being.
The social skills learned through early friendships are often transferred to other peer relationships, including romantic relationships. [9] Studies indicate that there is a developmental trajectory from same-sex friendships to other-sex friendships that aids in the development of heterosexual romantic relationships. Therefore, the quality of ...
Peer support occurs when people provide knowledge, experience, emotional, social or practical help to each other. [1] It commonly refers to an initiative consisting of trained supporters (although it can be provided by peers without training), and can take a number of forms such as peer mentoring, reflective listening (reflecting content and/or feelings), or counseling.
The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on social and personal relationships. It was established in 1984 by SAGE Publications, originally in association with the International Network on Personal Relationships, which merged with the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships to form the International Association ...
In any case, it is difficult to see how any family relationship, while providing intimacy and companionship, could entirely replace peer relations. Peer groups appear to play a unique role in developing an identity, [2] through mechanisms such as shared activities and feedback.
Attachment theory has also asserted that adolescents with behavioral problems do not have close interpersonal relationships or have superficial ones. [48] Many studies have found that an individual without close peer relationships are at a higher risk for emotional adjustment problems currently and later in life. [49]
Peer relationships are also very important for determining how much adolescents value school, how much effort they put into it, and how well they perform in class. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] However, quite frequently adolescents take part in peer relationships that are harmful for their psychological development.
Peer pressure is a direct or indirect influence on peers, i.e., members of social groups with similar interests and experiences, or social statuses. Members of a peer group are more likely to influence a person's beliefs, values, religion and behavior.