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Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion).It must be maintained within narrow limits because too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).
Intracranial hypertension (IH), also called increased ICP (IICP) or raised intracranial pressure (RICP), refers to elevated pressure in the cranium. 20–25 mmHg is the upper limit of normal at which treatment is necessary, though it is common to use 15 mmHg as the threshold for beginning treatment.
Traumatic brain injury can cause dangerously raised intracranial pressure. Pressure reactivity index or PRx is a tool for monitoring cerebral autoregulation in the intensive care setting for patients with severe traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage, in order to guide therapy to protect the brain from dangerously high or low cerebral blood flow.
[54] [55] Compared to treatment with younger patients, ECT appears to work more effectively in the older patients. [56] A typical course of ECT treatment ranges from 6 to 12 treatments, with some requiring more or less. [57] A normal treatment schedule in the United States might include three treatments a week on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday.
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy , lack of standardisation , lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity . [ 11 ]
It is more common in older people and females. [7] It is the reason for 2–5% of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. [7] Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students describe at least one event at some point in their lives. [7]
Simian virus (SV) 40 has been linked in studies to the development of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs). [6] The BK and JC viruses have also been linked to the problem. [7] In people with choroid plexus tumors, complexes formed by the big T antigen and the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb have been shown to develop. [7]
There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood pressure with hypertension, particularly in older people. [ 13 ] Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24-hour period, [ 14 ] with highest readings in the early ...