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Skeletonema costatum is a cosmopolitan centric diatom that belongs to the genus Skeletonema. [1] It was first described by R. K. Greville, who originally named it Melosira costata, in 1866. [1]
The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation.They prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring are sterile.
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
The first fossilized evidence of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes is from the Stenian period, about 1.05 billion years old. [19] [20]Biologists studying evolution propose several explanations for the development of sexual reproduction and its maintenance.
Many organisms, including aspen trees, reproduce by cloning, often creating large groups of organisms with the same DNA.One example depicted here is quaking aspen.. Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means.
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. [1] [2] All living organisms are made of cells.
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.Every cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane; many cells contain organelles, each with a specific function.