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The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. [1] The epidermal layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens [2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.
Sampling of human stratum corneum using a tape-stripping method [1] The stratum corneum (Latin for 'horned layer') is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Consisting of dead tissue, it protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and mechanical stress. It is composed of 15–20 layers of flattened cells with no nuclei and ...
Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired. [4] S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. [5]
In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. [1] Basal cells in the basal layer ( stratum basale ) of the skin are sometimes referred to as basal keratinocytes . [ 2 ] Keratinocytes form a barrier against environmental damage by heat , UV radiation , water loss , pathogenic bacteria , fungi , parasites , and viruses .
Some people may not ever notice them because the bedbug bites are small and not itchy. Other people, however, can develop overwhelmingly itchy, raised red welts that look like mosquito bites or hives.
Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are a family of small proteins, that carry out a variety of functions, including acting as toxins, assisting in biofilm formation, and colony spreading. PSMs are produced by Staphylococcus bacteria including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Human skin pigmentation varies substantially between populations; this has led to the classification of people(s) on the basis of skin colour. [ 3 ] In terms of surface area, the skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger).
Beka Setzer, an Ohio mother of two young daughters, took to Facebook last summer to share shocking photos of her daughter Emmalee's legs after a day spent playing outside went awry. "PSA," she wrote.