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The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. [1] The epidermal layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens [2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.
Sampling of human stratum corneum using a tape-stripping method [1] The stratum corneum (Latin for 'horned layer') is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Consisting of dead tissue, it protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and mechanical stress. It is composed of 15–20 layers of flattened cells with no nuclei and ...
Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired. [4] S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices. [5]
The project was designed with the aim of countering that misconception that bacteria are always harmful to humans [20] and that humans are at war with bacteria. [21] In actuality, most strains of bacteria are harmless [13] if not beneficial for the human body. [22] Another of the project's goals is to foster public interest in microbiology. [17]
Human skin pigmentation varies substantially between populations; this has led to the classification of people(s) on the basis of skin colour. [ 3 ] In terms of surface area, the skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger).
Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum basale labeled near bottom.. The stratum basale (basal layer, sometimes referred to as stratum germinativum) is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, the external covering of skin in mammals.
Beka Setzer, an Ohio mother of two young daughters, took to Facebook last summer to share shocking photos of her daughter Emmalee's legs after a day spent playing outside went awry. "PSA," she wrote.
The resulting immune functions of these non-hematopoietic, structural cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity"). [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the epigenome of these cells, which enables a rapid response to immunological challenges.