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VEF Spīdola (1960) Restyled VEF Spīdola-10 (1963) VEF Transistor-10 (1965), export issue of VEF Spīdola-10, with additional short wave band. Also known in UK as Convair-10 VEF Spidola ( Latvian : VEF Spīdola , Russian : ВЭФ Спидола ) was the first mass-produced transistor radio with short wave band in the Soviet Union (tube short ...
The transistor both amplifies and rectifies the amplitude modulated (AM) radio signal. Since the base-emitter junction acts as a diode it conducts only on the positive half-cycles of the carrier wave, blocking the negative half cycles, rectifying the carrier to extract the audio modulation signal from the radio wave. The collector current is an ...
The term radio receiver is understood in this article to mean any device which is intended to receive a radio signal in order to generate useful information from the signal, most notably a recreation of the so-called baseband signal (such as audio) which modulated the radio signal at the time of transmission in a communications or broadcast system.
The ZN414 was popular amongst hobbyists, as a fully working AM radio could be made with just a few external components, a crystal earpiece and a 1.5 V cell. The original ZN414 chip from Ferranti was supplied in a 3-pin, metal TO-18 'transistor' package, whereas the GEC part and later Ferranti ones (ZN414Z) used the plastic TO-92 encapsulation.
The radio signal from the antenna and tuned circuit passes through an amplifier, is demodulated in a detector which extracts the audio signal from the radio carrier, and the resulting audio signal passes again through the same amplifier for audio amplification before being applied to the earphone or loudspeaker.
The emitter junctions of these amplifier stages are fed by the collectors of a third differential pair (Q2/Q6). The output currents of Q2/Q6 become emitter currents for the differential amplifiers. Simplified, the output current of an individual transistor is given by i c = g m v be. Its transconductance g m is (at T = 300 K) about g m = 40 I C.
A radio transmitter or just transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio waves with an antenna. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies between about 30 Hz and 300 GHz. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the ...
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