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During the Roman Republic, several abbreviations, known as sigla (plural of siglum 'symbol or abbreviation'), were in common use in inscriptions, and they increased in number during the Roman Empire. Additionally, in this period shorthand entered general usage.
The apparatus typically includes footnotes, standardized abbreviations for the source manuscripts, and symbols for denoting recurring problems (one symbol for each type of scribal error). As conceived of by one 19th-century editor: The object of a critical apparatus .. is to enable the earnest student to form his own text.
Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
Frequently used sigla (symbols and abbreviations) of Hebrew Bible manuscripts and editions include: [1] א: Codex Sinaiticus A: Codex Alexandrinus
General sigla # beginning with 0: uncial # not beginning with 0: minuscule * superscript: original reading c superscript: scribal correction ms superscript: individual manuscript mss superscript: multiple manuscripts pt superscript: partial attestation vid superscript: uncertain reading arab: Arabic versions arm: Armenian versions 𝔐 or Byz ...
For example, the eldest son would have one pique, the second two, and so on, while the youngest son inherited the original sigla, sharing the same symbol as his father. Analyses were conducted to determine whether families had consistently used the same symbols across generations, in light of some supposed inconsistencies within certain families.
General sigla # beginning with 0: uncial # not beginning with 0: minuscule * superscript: original reading c superscript: scribal correction ms superscript: individual manuscript mss superscript: multiple manuscripts pt superscript: partial attestation vid superscript: uncertain reading arab: Arabic versions arm: Armenian versions 𝔐 or Byz ...
General sigla # beginning with 0: uncial # not beginning with 0: minuscule * superscript: original reading c superscript: scribal correction ms superscript: individual manuscript mss superscript: multiple manuscripts pt superscript: partial attestation vid superscript: uncertain reading arab: Arabic versions arm: Armenian versions 𝔐 or Byz ...