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The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where, for example, the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier. [1] It has also been used for computer vision .
The axiom of non-choice, also called axiom of unique choice, axiom of function choice or function comprehension principle is a function existence postulate. The difference to the axiom of choice is that in the antecedent , the existence of y {\displaystyle y} is already granted to be unique for each x {\displaystyle x} .
In mathematics and logic, the term "uniqueness" refers to the property of being the one and only object satisfying a certain condition. [1] This sort of quantification is known as uniqueness quantification or unique existential quantification, and is often denoted with the symbols "∃!"
The unique games conjecture states that for every sufficiently small pair of constants ε, δ > 0, there exists a constant k such that the following promise problem (L yes, L no) is NP-hard: L yes = {G: the value of G is at least 1 − δ} L no = {G: the value of G is at most ε} where G is a unique game whose answers come from a set of size k.
Using a limited amount of NaN representations allows the system to use other possible NaN values for non-arithmetic purposes, the most important being "NaN-boxing", i.e. using the payload for arbitrary data. [23] (This concept of "canonical NaN" is not the same as the concept of a "canonical encoding" in IEEE 754.)
The theorem states that any estimator that is unbiased for a given unknown quantity and that depends on the data only through a complete, sufficient statistic is the unique best unbiased estimator of that quantity. The Lehmann–Scheffé theorem is named after Erich Leo Lehmann and Henry Scheffé, given their two early papers. [2] [3]
Then 6 or 7 bits are replaced by fixed values, the 4-bit version (e.g. 0011 2 for version 3), and the 2- or 3-bit UUID "variant" (e.g. 10 2 indicating a RFC 9562 UUIDs, or 110 2 indicating a legacy Microsoft GUID). Since 6 or 7 bits are thus predetermined, only 121 or 122 bits contribute to the uniqueness of the UUID.
A unique identifier (UID) is an identifier that is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose. [1] The concept was formalized early in the development of computer science and information systems. In general, it was associated with an atomic data type.